Louise Lawrence (1912 - 1976) was an American transgender activist, artist, writer and lecturer.
Beginning in the late 1940s, Louise Lawrence, a male-bodied individual
living full time as a woman, became an advocate for research related to
people like herself. During the mid-20th Century, she organized a network of gender non-conforming people across the US and abroad, and advocated for transgender issues. She was an early founder of the magazine, Transvestia. Academic and historian Susan Stryker has written, "If there is an unheralded founder of the transgender community in the United States, it’s Louise Lawrence.".[1]
Lawrence was born in 1912 and was assigned male-at-birth. She began cross-dressing at a young age and would wear her mother's clothes.[2] In 1930, she married and, when she was twenty-two, had a daughter named Anne.[2][3] After the death of her first wife, she married a woman who at first accepted her cross-dressing, but they divorced three years later.[2][4] After the divorce, circa 1942-44, Lawrence lived full-time as a woman in Berkeley and later in San Francisco.[5][6]
Of her transition, Lawrence wrote in one of her journals:
"I consider Louise to be my true identity even though the birth records say differently. And on this I will stand. For to me, as to most people who know me, I AM Louise."[4][7]
Although she considered gender reassignment surgery, she chose not to pursue it, and instead experimented with hormone treatment, under the guidance of
Harry Benjamin. She wrote, "I firmly believe that most transvestites have that same urge [for a sex change] but in varying degrees and areas”[8]
Lawrence was also an artist, who sold paintings.[4][9] She wrote a 117-page autobiography entitled “Lawrence Autobiography” and a shorter text entitled, “Lawrence Autobiography 1948-1957”, both of which are unpublished and housed at the Louise Lawrence Collection in the Kinsey Institute Archives.
Throughout her life, Lawrence corresponded with and built an extensive network of transgender people across the Bay Area, the US, and globally, by placing personal ads in magazines and contacting people who had been arrested for cross-dressing. Through Lawrence's network, members connected and collectivized, sharing information about doctors, medical procedures and comparing surgical results.[6][8] She was known to house transgender people, including those who had traveled to seek surgery in San Francisco.[6][10] Her network also included gay female impersonators, drag queens,[10]
April Ashley and
Arthur Corbett.[3]
Lawrence was a member of the Mattachine Society of San Francisco and affiliated with the homophile movement in San Francisco.[8] In 1964, Lawrence,
Jose Sarria and four other homophile leaders met with religious leaders to advocate for sexual minorities.[3]
In 1942, Virginia Prince visited Lawrence after Prince attended one of Lawrence's lectures. Lawrence subsequently introduced Prince to her colleagues in transgender-oriented medical research and Prince would later become a leading transgender activist. In 1952, Lawrence helped to publish, along with Prince and others, the newsletter "Transvestia: Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress", which hoped to combat discrimination against cross-dressers and educate researchers about transvestism. Although the publication was grown by Virginia Prince after 1960, the paper’s first edition was largely funded by and distributed to the people in Lawrence’s network[11][12]
From the 1940s until her death, Lawrence sought to educate the public about gender non-conformity. To achieve this, she acted as a key interface between medical researchers and her network within the transgender community.[6] She wrote, "I am trying to gather as much information... as possible in order that medical men... will be able to help people that come to them."[8]
In 1942, she met leading psychiatrist Karl Bowman, the Director of the Langley Porter Psychiatric Clinic at University of California - San Francisco. She frequently lectured on transgender topics to Bowman's colleagues at the university. Through Bowman, Lawrence met Harry Benjamin, a researcher in transsexual medicine from Germany, and introduced him to her contacts in the transgender community..[6] According to former colleagues, Benjamin used Lawrence as a "sounding board for many of his ideas" and Lawrence wrote that she appreciated Benjamin as "one of the few medical men in this country who has any understanding of this problem."[8] Lawrence also informed him of the early writings of David O. Cauldwell[8]
Lawrence worked closely with Alfred Kinsey, a key figure in sexology. In a letter to Harry Benjamin, she recounted:
"In talking to Dr. Kinsey I brought up . . . my interest in transvestism . . . and to my surprise he said that he thought the problem was relatively rare. . . . I am very sure that it is much more common than most of us, even prominent doctors, are willing or able to admit... I was going to try and prove to him that I was right and he encouraged me by saying that any facts or figures I could contribute would be valuable."[10]
By 1950, Kinsey had employed Lawrence to type the life histories of her acquaintances and to copy out manuscripts of transvestite fiction, especially an underground genre known as "petticoat discipline".[10] Lawrence encouraged her transgender peers to be interviewed by Kinsey for his research. When she shared with him her list of trans contacts in 1954, the list included nineteen people in the Bay Area and one hundred and fifty-two nationwide.[10] She sent him a collected scrapbook of newspaper clippings, along with personal materials, such as her correspondence, a diary of the year she began to transition, photographs, and her autobiographical writing. Kinsey also contributed to "Transvestia".[10]
Lawrence was critical of medical views on gender-affirmation surgery. After the high-profile transition of
Christine Jorgensen, Lawrence wrote: "If only some of these American medical men could... not continually imagine that their own penis was removed when Christine's was, maybe we could see some sound thoughtful, imaginative progress made in the field."[8]
Susan Stryker has written that the work of Louise Lawrence and others in connecting the transgender community with institutions of power "would produce long-lasting organizations and provide the base of a social movement."[6] According to academic Joanne Meyerowitz, Lawrence wanted her contributions to science to be recognized.[10]
An archive in Vallejo, California, is named after her. According to its website, "the goal of the Louise Lawrence Transgender Archive (LLTA) is to increase the understanding of transgender people and encourage new scholarship by making transgender historical materials available to students, scholars and the public."[11]
Her archives are housed in the Louise Lawrence Collection at the Kinsey Institute at the Indiana University Bloomington.
In 2015, her archival material was exhibited at the exhibition "Bring Your Own Body" at Cooper Union[13][14] Chris E. Vargas designed a collage for the exhibition called "Transvestites in the News," named after the title Lawrence gave to her scrapbooks.[15]
My published books:
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