Partner Eliza Raine, Ann Walker

Queer Places:
Shibden Hall, Lister's Rd, Halifax HX3 6XG, Regno Unito
St John the Baptist, Halifax, Regno Unito

Anne Lister of Shibden Hall (1791–1840) , Joshua Horner (1812–1884) (attributed to) , Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council Anne Lister (1791–1840) was a well-off Yorkshire landowner, diarist, mountaineer and traveller. Throughout her life she kept diaries which chronicled the details of her daily life, including her lesbian relationships, her financial concerns, her industrial activities and her work improving Shibden Hall.[1] Her diaries contain more than 4,000,000 words and about a sixth of them—those concerning the intimate details of her romantic and sexual relationships—were written in code.[1] The code, derived from a combination of algebra and Ancient Greek, was deciphered in the 1980s.[2][3] Lister is often called "the first modern lesbian" for her clear self-knowledge and openly lesbian lifestyle.[4] Called "Fred" by her lover and "Gentleman Jack" by Halifax residents, she suffered from harassment for her sexuality, and recognised her similarity to the Ladies of Llangollen, whom she visited.[5] At Shibden Hall in Halifax, the sexuality of its celebrated Georgian owner, Anne Lister, was ignored until the appointment of a new curator in 1990.

The Halifax Guardian obituary of Anne Lister in 1840 recognized her longstanding spousal relationship with Ann Walker by calling her Lister’s “friend and companion,” a gratuitously compound phrase. Anne Lister and Anne Walker decided to become “companions for life” in a relationship that would, according to both, “be as good as marriage.” Lister sealed her union with Walker by giving her a ring and arranging to receive communion with her, along with a legal ceremony in which each woman willed the other her unentailed property.

Anne Lister was a rural gentlewoman who directed the renovation and landscaping of Shibden Hall, near Halifax in the West Riding of Yorkshire, which she had inherited from her uncle, James Lister.


Shibden Hall Housebody 1877 Henry Sykes (1855–1921) Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council


James Lister (1748–1826) Joshua Horner (1812–1884) (attributed to) Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council


Anne Lister (1765–1836) (The Elder Aunt) 1833 Thomas Binns (1712–1788) Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council


Shibden Hall, View of the Exterior c.1970 Mary Lord (b.1931) Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council

Anne was the eldest daughter of Jeremy Lister (1753–1836) who as a young man in 1775 served with the British 10th Regiment of Foot in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the American war of Independence. In August 1788 he married Rebecca Battle (1770–1817) of Welton in East Riding, Yorkshire. Their first child, John was born in 1789 but died the same year. Anne Lister was born in Halifax 3 April 1791. In 1793 the family moved to an estate named Skelfler House at Market Weighton. Skelfler was where the young Anne Lister would spend her earliest years. A second son, Samuel who would be a close friend to Anne, was born in 1793.[6] The Listers actually had six children but only Anne and her younger sister Marian would survive to adulthood.

Between 1801 and 1805, Lister was educated at home by the Reverend George Skelding, the vicar of Market Weighton, and at the age of seven she was sent to a school run by a Mrs Hagues and a Mrs Chettle in Agnesgate, Ripon. On her visits to her aunt Anne and uncle James at Shibden Hall, the Misses Mellin gave her lessons. In 1804 Anne Lister was sent to the Manor House School in York (in the King's Manor buildings), where Anne would meet her first love, Eliza Raine. Eliza and her sister Jane were the very rich daughters of an East India Company surgeon in Madras, brought to Yorkshire after his death. Anne and Eliza met and shared a bedroom aged 13 at boarding school, but Anne was asked to leave after two years. She rejoined the school after Eliza had left. Eliza expected to live with Anne as an adult, but by 1819 Anne began affairs with Isabella "Tib" Norcliffe and Mariana Belcombe, day-pupils at the school, and Mariana's sister, Anne Belcombe. In despair and frustration Eliza became a patient at Clifton Asylum, run by Mariana's father Dr Belcombe.[7][8] While being educated at home Lister developed an interest in classical literature. In a surviving letter to her aunt from 3 February 1803, a young Lister explains "My library is my greatest pleasure... The Grecian History had please me much.[9]

Her wealth allowed her some measure of freedom to live as she pleased. She inherited the family estate on her aunt's death in 1836, Shibden Hall, but took charge of it from 1826,[10] and from it drew a reasonable income (some of it from tenants).[10]

In addition to income from agricultural tenancy, Lister's financial portfolio included properties in town, shares in the canal and railway industries, mining and stone quarries. Anne Lister used the income from this varied portfolio to finance her two passions; Shibden Hall and European travel.[11]

Lister is described as having a "masculine appearance"; one of her lovers, Marianna Lawton (née Belcombe), was initially ashamed to be seen in public with her because her appearance was commented on.[12] She dressed entirely in black[5] and took part in many activities that were not perceived as the norm for gentlewomen, such as opening and owning a colliery.[10] She was referred to as "Gentleman Jack" in some quarters.[13] Lawton and Lister were lovers for several years, including a period during which Lawton was married and had her husband's permission.[12]

Isabella Nordcliffe was a frequent visitor at Shibden Hall and was apparently devoted to Lister, suggesting in 1819 that they marry in disguise at the altar. Mariana Belcombe, with whom Lister had been engaged in an ongoing affair since 1812, was apparently the love of her life and the diary includes numerous references to their passionate physical relationship. However, Mariana was the penniless daughter of a doctor and was therefore forced to marry for money, which caused some difficulties for the women. Mariana's marriage was clearly also problematic in itself and in 1821 Mariana and Anne became infected with a venereal disease which they belived Mariana had caught from her husband. The relationship waned in 1824, when Lister set out on travels around Europe, during which time she had affairs with two other women, Maria Barlow and Madame de Rosny.

In 1822 Anne Lister and Mariana Belcombe visited Eleonor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby at Plas Newydd. Maria Barlow to Anne Lister, August 1825: [. . .] You may command silence but to bid me cease to love you is vain & surely it will harm no one. Divided as we are doomed to be, you may be happy in making others so & those who are blessed with your friendship & affection can never fail to be so. I may love you to the latest breath of my existence. That privilege cannot be taken from me, & that every blessing may attend you will be the often offered prayer of C.M.B.

Lister's subsequent affair with a wealthy heiress, Ann Walker, whom she met in 1832, was a story of local repute and her eventual marriage (without legal recognition) to Walker in 1834 was highly unusual. The couple lived together an Shibden Hall until Lister's death in 1840. Walker's fortune was used to improve Shibden Hall and the property's waterfall and lake.[14] Lister renovated Shibden Hall quite significantly to her own design.[10] In 1838 she added a Gothic tower to the main house, to serve as her private library. She also had a tunnel dug under the building which allowed the staff to move about without disturbing her.[14]

In 1830 while travelling in France, Lister was the first woman to ascend Monte Perdido in the Aragonese Pyrenees.[15] In 1838, she came back to the Pyrenees with Walker and completed the first "official" ascent of the Vignemale (3,298 metres (10,820 ft)).[16][17] In France she was known as Ann Lister or Lady Lister only for this accomplishment.

Anne Lister died on 22 September 1840 aged 49 of a fever at Koutais (now Kutaisi, Georgia) while travelling with Ann Walker.[18] Walker, to whom ownership of Shibden Hall passed, had Lister's body embalmed and brought back to the UK, where she is buried in the parish church in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Ann Walker died in 1854 at her childhood home, Cliff Hill in Lightcliffe.

Throughout her life, Lister had a strong faith in the Anglican Church.[19] Lister's family had a vault at the Halifax parish church where her remains were interred on 29 April 1841.[20] Her tombstone was recently discovered after being covered by a floor in 1879. The current family tomb is at St Anne's Church, Southowram, where John Lister is buried; he was the first to attempt the translation of Anne Lister's diaries.[14]

In her will Lister's estate was left to her paternal cousins but Ann Walker was given a life interest.[20] After being declared insane, Walker spent some years in the care of Dr. Belcombe and, because of her mental state, was unable to make a valid will.[21]

More than forty years after her death, while reporting on a dispute over the ownership of Shibden Hall, the Leeds Times stated 'Miss Lister's masculine singularities of character are still remembered'.[20]

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